Tick Diversity and Distribution of Hard (Ixodidae) Cattle Ticks in South Africa

Ticks are amongst the important ectoparasites where livestock concerned, as they adversely affect animals through bloodsucking. In tropical and subtropical countries, transmit pathogens such babesiosis, theileriosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis in cattle, causing a reduction production rate significant concomitant economic losses. 80% of cattle population across world, with an estimated loss USD 20–30 billion per year. South Africa, losses industry caused by ticks tick-borne diseases to exceed 33 million year (ZAR 500 million). There seven major genera ixodid Southern Africa (i.e., Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes Rhipicephalus). The environment which tick lives is made up all various biological abiotic factors that either necessary or unnecessary for its life. areas have been found documented many publications. Using these data, maps possible species’ habitats can be made. Historical records on distribution may incorrect due identification mistakes change tick’s name. All sources used generate this review were unpublished came from wide range sources. To identify species accompanying microbial ecosystems, researchers increasingly adopting methods including 16S 18S rDNA gene sequencing. Indeed, little known about genetic alterations give traits, predilection hosts, transmission, acaricide resistance. Opportunities exploring changes populations subpopulations provided advancements omics technologies. literature variety ticks, their direct indirect effects, control compiled review.